Fig. 4: Observed and model-simulated yields of major crops across the studied catchments (2013–2019) using three different approaches.

WIWH winter wheat, SBAR spring barley, RAPE rapeseed, WBAR winter barley, SICO silage corn, PEAS peas, BEET sugar beet, POTA potato, OATS oats. LTS denotes outcomes corresponding to long-term simulations (averaged over the 2013–2019 period), while YS signifies results pertaining to individual years.