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Resilient low-inertia power systems through asynchronous energy balancing

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering (2026)Cite this article

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Abstract

Low-carbon power systems with decreasing inertia are challenging traditional operational principles based on a global synchronous frequency, turning rigid synchronism into a growing threat to power system stability. In this Perspective, we discuss a bottom-up vision for compartmentalizing power systems into multiple asynchronous and independent subsystems. These subsystems, operating under different technologies, can form an asynchronous power system architecture that balances energy through a store-and-forward-like approach. Building on advances in smart power electronics, the proposed asynchronous conjecture avoids synchronism by proactively routing dynamic energy streams between those asynchronous subsystems, drawing inspiration from the principles of the Internet and telecommunications. Cyber–physical system theory, low-latency communication systems, novel abstraction and modelling principles, and the growing availability of energy storage emerge as enablers for this shift. The new paradigm can enhance power system resilience, support long-term sustainability goals, maximize energy independence and energy security, and create socio-economic opportunities.

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Fig. 1: Frequency in past versus future power systems.
Fig. 2: Compartmentalization of power systems.
Fig. 3: Internet inspiration for asynchronous power systems.
Fig. 4: Power balance in synchronous versus energy balance in asynchronous power systems.
Fig. 5: Layered, bottom-up architecture for asynchronous power systems.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the European Union (European Research Council (ERC), ERC Synergy Grant SAFEr Grid, 101166783). Views and opinions expressed, however, are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the ERC Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Sebastian Schwarz, Amila Kaharević & Antonello Monti

  2. AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

    Subham Sahoo & Frede Blaabjerg

  3. Chair of Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Mirko Stoffers, Leonardo Pompe, Arthur M. Fibich & Klaus Wehrle

  4. Institute for Technology and Innovation Management, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Patrick Pollok & Frank Piller

  5. Fraunhofer Center Digital Energy, Fraunhofer FIT, Aachen, Germany

    Antonello Monti

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Schwarz, S., Sahoo, S., Stoffers, M. et al. Resilient low-inertia power systems through asynchronous energy balancing. Nat Rev Electr Eng (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44287-025-00256-5

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