Fig. 1: Patient clustering and biomarker analysis in endometriosis.

a PCA using cytokine data showing limited separation between endometriosis (EM) and control (CTRL) groups. b Volcano plot showing significantly altered markers in EM vs. controls; no markers were significantly upregulated. c Venn diagram showing leiomyoma (Myoma) co-occurrence: 18/65 EM patients and 11 controls had myoma. d–g) Volcano plots comparing biomarker expression in patients with myoma (d), EM (e), and EM+myoma (f) against healthy controls without either condition, and EM alone vs. myoma (g). h Boxplots showing normalized expression of selected markers; whiskers indicate 1.5× IQR. P-values (t-test or Mann–Whitney U test) are indicated above each box; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; non-significant results are labeled.