Fig. 3: Plasma biomarker analysis by #Enzian cluster and myoma status.

a Comparison of revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) classification (groups I–IV) and #Enzian-based classification (groups #I–#V). Volcano plots compare each cluster to the control (Ctrl) group without leiomyoma (myoma). Labels for significantly reduced (blue) and significantly elevated (red) markers are shown. Markers for which the p-value was < 0.05, but the fold change was lower than 2, are labelled in gray. Boxplots display the normalized expression of significantly expressed markers across different groups. The central box shows the interquartile range (IQR) and median (horizontal line inside the box). The “whiskers” extend to the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the IQR, respectively. b Expression of significantly differenciated markers among the clustering groups. P-values from the statistical tests (t-test or Mann-Whitney U test) comparing each group with the control group are shown on top of each group’s box. Significant p-values are indicated by asterisks (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001), while non-significant p-values are represented with their exact values.