Table 1 The characteristics of fibers employed in the advancement of UHPC properties
Fiber type | Steel fiber | Glass fiber | Carbon fiber | Basalt fiber | Polypropylene (PP) fiber | Polyethylene (PE) fiber | Polyester fiber | Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber | Nylon fiber | Cellulose fiber | Aramid fiber | ||
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Fiber photo |
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Fiber diameter (μm) | 100~1000 | 8~16 | 7~20 | 9~17 | 15~80 | 800~1000 | 10~80 | 1.1~1.5 | 20~30 | 24–400 | 10–15 | ||
Average density (g/cm3) | 7.85 | 2.74 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 1.3 | 1.35 | 1.17 | 1.4 | 1.44 | ||
Ultimate elongation (%) | Max | 4 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 3.15 | 28 | 5 | 15 | 50 | 20 | NA | 4.4 | |
Min | 0.5 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 15 | 3 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 2.1 | |||
Tensile strength (MPa) | Max | 2800 | 2500 | 4000 | 2800 | 770 | 300 | 1200 | 850 | 960 | 1000 | 3200 | |
Min | 280 | 1400 | 1800 | 870 | 270 | 200 | 650 | 770 | 900 | 50 | 2500 | ||
Young’s modulus (GPa) | Max | 250 | 80 | 480 | 89 | 11 | 6 | 18 | 20 | 5 | 40 | 140 | |
Min | 200 | 60 | 200 | 40 | 3.5 | 5 | 6 | 16 | 4 | 15 | 60 | ||
