Fig. 4: Longitudinal intestinal metabolome changes after inoculation of Jamaican fruit bats with SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.

A Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLSDA) showing bat intestinal metabolomes by time and inoculation status based on differences in relative metabolite abundance. Points are colored by time and inoculation status. B Loadings of x variate 1 of sPLSDA analysis of metabolite differences over time. Metabolites greater than or equal to 25% of the maximum absolute loading value are colored according to the direction in which they contribute to variates and labeled with metabolite names. Metabolites less than 25% of the maximum absolute loading value are shown in gray and unlabeled. C Loadings of x variate 2 of sPLSDA analysis of metabolite differences over time. Metabolites greater than or equal to 25% of the maximum absolute loading value are colored according to the direction in which they contribute to variates and labeled with metabolite names. Metabolites less than 25% of the maximum absolute loading value are shown in gray and unlabeled. D Abundances of metabolites that were significantly higher at 7 DPI over the course of the 28-day study period. Median and 95% confidence intervals with individual points overlaid. P-values indicated; Kruskal–Wallis test (N = 6 (1 DPI)/5 (4, 7, 28 DPI, sentinels)/4 (naïve animals)). E Abundances of metabolites that were significantly lower at 7 DPI over the course of the 28-day study period. Median and 95% confidence intervals with individual points overlaid. p-Values indicated; Kruskal–Wallis test (N = 6 (1 DPI)/5 (4, 7, 28 DPI, sentinels)/4 (naïve animals)).