Table 1 Selected definitions of the concept of resilience

Holling⁴⁸

Resilience is the ability of ecosystems to absorb changes and maintain their core functionality

Carpenter et al.⁴⁹

Resilience is the capacity of socioecological to withstand disturbances without transitioning to alternative states

Hipel et al.⁵³

Resilience is a property of systems which is crucial in proactively planning for effective responses to natural disasters.

Okada⁵⁴

Resilience is grounded in a broad understanding of sustainability risks and the need for a comprehensive approach that integrates various dimensions of coping capacity, including physical, social, and economic aspects.

Aldrich⁵¹

Resilience is the ability of a community to withstand and recover from disasters through the enhancement and utilization of its social infrastructure, notably social capital

Cutter⁵⁶

Resilience is conceptualized with a focus on its dynamic aspects rather than as a mere return to a pre-disaster state. It involves enhancing the capacity of various systems—such as social, governance, and economic systems—to cope with, adapt to, and recover from disturbances.

Meerow and Newell⁴⁷

Resilience as a boundary object, which serves to initate multidisciplinary dialog.

Wenar and John Rawls⁵⁷

Resilience is the capacity of systems to absorb disturbances, adapt to pressures, and maintain functionality despite external shocks. It also addresses social vulnerabilities by focusing on how different community populations withstand and recover from environmental and societal challenges.

Hay⁵⁵

Resilience is defined as the ability of infrastructure systems to absorb stress, maintain critical functions, and ensure service continuity during disruptions. It emphasizes adaptability and the maintenance of essential operations beyond mere robustness.

Casali et al.⁶¹

Resilience is defined as the capacity of urban systems to absorb, adapt, and fundamentally transform in response to disturbances, emphasizing not just recovery but also the proactive enhancement of system sustainability and robustness.