Fig. 1: Natural hazards impacting Indigenous peoples in British Columbia, Canada.

The map view encompasses the entire Canadian province of British Columbia, bordered on the East by Alberta, the South by Washington, Idaho (ID) and Montana, the Northeast by Alaska and the North by the Yukon. Symbols represent recent large volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, wildfires and floods in British Columbia⁶⁵. The magenta-coloured volcano symbol marks the location of the Sii Aks (also referred to with the past spelling of Tseax) volcanic eruption in the mid-1700s, and a focal topic of this article. Indigenous Territory outlines⁶⁶ (shades of blues and greens) are approximate and do not represent official boundaries of any communities. This figure was created by the authors using ArcGIS Pro.