Fig. 2: Analyzing Debris Flow Mechanics with RAMMS Simulations.
From: Predicting debris flow pathways using volume-based thresholds for effective risk assessment
Trial and error method using RAMMS adopted to calibrate release volume (a, b), dry-Coulomb type friction (c, d) and viscous-turbulent friction (e, f) for Pancharakolli and Kattippara debris flow. The best fit simulation is shown in black. Increase in volume increases the area of the run-out. The dry-Coulomb type friction controls the rapid flow that is mainly in initial stage of flow whereas the viscous-turbulent friction controls the slow flow that is mainly concentrated at the zone of deposition. g–n The best-fit model for Pancharakolli and Kattippara debris flow where: Flow height (g, h), which helps in assessing the impact of landslide on buildings and other infrastructures; higher flow causes more damage. Flow velocity (i, j), where higher velocities are at high slopes and at the initiation zone; higher velocities have more energy and cause more damage. Flow pressure (k, l) exerted by debris flow; higher pressure are at initial stages and causes more damages. Height of materials deposited by debris flow (m, n) is mostly at the zone of accumulation where the slope is gentle; larger volume of deposition poses high threat to life and property (Image source (a–f): Google Earth; Software used (g–n): RAMMS::Debris Flow).
