Fig. 8: Monthly averages of temperature, precipitation, headwall retreat, and volumetric change of Gu-hill RTS in the study area.

a Monthly average temperature (from 2009 to 2023); b monthly precipitation (from 2009 to 2023); c time series headwall retreats and d volumetric changes of two sites (A, B) from Fig. 7. (In a, the short solid lines represent the standard deviation of the monthly average temperature from 2009 to 2022, while the gray shading indicates the standard deviation for the 2016 and 2023 average values.).