Fig. 3: Only one-fourth of the flash floods are solely driven by extreme precipitation (>95^th percentile), while the remaining are the result of prolonged precipitation or a combination of high-intensity and low-intensity precipitation.

a Sub-basin wise percentile of the maximum hourly precipitation that occurred within 24 h from the 99.9^th percentile streamflow events. b Sub-basin wise percentile of the maximum hourly precipitation observed within 72 h prior to the 99.9th percentile streamflow events. c The histogram shows the distribution of maximum hourly precipitation percentile within 24 h from 99.9^th percentile streamflow events. d Distribution of percentile of maximum hourly precipitation that occurred within 72 h prior to 99.9^th percentile streamflow events. e Sub-basin wise time lag of the maximum precipitation that occurred within 24 h from peak streamflow. f Sub-basin wise time lag of the maximum precipitation that is observed within 72 h from peak streamflow. g The left axis histogram (dark orange) shows the distribution of time lag of the maximum hourly precipitation within 24 h from 99.9^th percentile streamflow. The right axis histogram (blue) shows the percentage of events in which extreme precipitation ( > 95^th percentile) were observed before 99.9^th percentile streamflow within the corresponding time lag. h The left axis histogram (dark orange) shows the distribution of time lag of the maximum hourly precipitation within 72 h from 99.9^th percentile streamflow. The right axis histogram (blue) shows the percentage of events that had greater than 95^th percentile precipitation in the corresponding lag duration.