Fig. 3: Schematic drawings of universal patterns in human mobility during emergencies.

Crises disrupt human mobility across multiple dimensions. a Temporal evolution is marked by an abrupt deviation from baseline movement patterns during the initial response phase, followed by gradual stabilization. b Spatial reconfiguration includes contraction of travel range, fragmentation of mobility networks, and shifts in network centrality as movement concentrates around essential services or safe zones. c Adaptation and emergence of new patterns reflect behavioral innovations such as travel mode substitution (e.g., from public transit to walking, cycling, or private vehicles), altered commuting behavior, and localization of travel. d Emotional and psychological factors—including risk perception, trust, and place attachment—critically shape whether, how, and when people move. Together, these dimensions underscore the complex, multi-layered dynamics of human mobility in response to disruptive events. Figure created using Adobe Illustrator, version 28.7.9.