Fig. 1: spin-Hall Conductivity (SHC) \({\sigma }_{zx}^{y}\) vs energy for Bi₂Se₃.

Panel (a) shows the SHC calculated using the conventional spin current formula, while panel (b) shows the SHC calculated using the proper spin current formula. Panels (c) and (d) contain the two torque dipole contributions I₁ and I₂, respectively.