Table 1 Cell-Type and pathway-specific manipulations in basal ganglia circuits relevant to sleep–wake regulation

From: Motivation meets sleep: tuning arousal via nucleus accumbens and Basal Ganglia circuits

Target Region/Cell Type	Manipulation Type	Global Effects	References
*The limbic pathway*
NAc global	Lesion	↑ Wake / ↓ NREM + REM	Qiu et al.⁶¹, Qiu et al.⁷³,
NAc D1-MSNs	Chemogenetic Activation	↑ Wake / ↓ NREM	Luo et al.⁵⁹, Kato et al.⁶⁰
NAc D1-MSNs	Chemogenetic Inhibition	↑ NREM + REM	Luo et al.⁵⁹
NAc D1-MSNs > LHA	Optogenetic Activation	↑ Wake	Luo et al.⁵⁹
NAc D2-MSNs	Chemo- & Opto-genetic Activation	↑ NREM	Oishi et al.⁸⁵, Kato et al.⁶⁰
NAc D2-MSNs	Chemogenetic Inhibition, Lesion	↑ Wake / ↓ NREM + REM	Oishi et al.⁸⁵, Luo et al.⁵⁹, Kato et al.⁶⁰
NAc D2-MSNs > VP GABA	Optogenetic Activation	↑ NREM	Oishi et al.⁸⁵
VTA DA > NAc	Optogenetic Activation	↑ Wake	Eban-Rothschild et al.⁶³
VTA DA > NAc	Optogenetic Inhibition	↑ NREM / ↓Wake + REM	Toth & Burgess⁷⁸
VP GABA	Chemogenetic Activation	↑ Wake / ↓ NREM + REM	Li et al.⁹³
VP GABA	Chemogenetic Inhibition	↑ NREM + REM / ↓ Wake	Li et al.⁹³
VP Glu	Chemo- & Opto-genetic Activation	↑ Wake / ↓ NREM	Luo et al.⁹⁶, Li et al., 2023
VP Glu	Chemogenetic Inhibition	↑ NREM / ↓ Wake	Luo et al.⁹⁶
*The motor pathway*
DS global	Lesion	↑ NREM + REM / ↓ Wake	Qiu et al.⁶¹
DS D1-MSNs	Optogenetic Activation	↑ Wake / ↓ NREM	Dong et al.⁵¹
DS D1-MSNs	Chemogenetic Inhibition	↑ NREM / ↓ Wake	Dong et al.⁵¹
DS D1-MSNs > GPi/SNr	Optogenetic Activation	↑ Wake	Dong et al.⁵¹
DS D2-MSNs	Chemogenetic Activation	↑ NREM / ↓ Wake	Yuan et al.⁵²
DS D2-MSNs	Chemogenetic Inhibition	↑ Wake / ↓ NREM + REM	Yuan et al.⁵²
PFC Glu / MD Glu	Optogenetic Activation	↑ Wake	Dong et al.⁵¹
SNc DA > DS	Optogenetic Activation	↑ NREM at light offset	Qiu et al.⁶²
SNc DA > DS	Optogenetic Activation	↑ Wake at light onset	Dong et al.⁵¹
GPe global	Lesion	↑ Wake	Qiu et al.⁶¹
GPe global	Optogenetic Activation	↑ NREM	Qiu et al.⁶²
GPe PV	Chemogenetic Inhibition, Lesion	↑ NREM + REM / ↓ Wake (lesion only)	Yuan et al.⁵²
SNr GAD2	Optogenetic Activation	↑ NREM / ↓ Wake	Liu et al.⁷⁰
SNr GAD2	Optogenetic Inhibition	↑ Wake / ↓ NREM	Liu et al.⁷⁰

The table compiles studies using lesion, chemogenetic, and optogenetic approaches that directly modulate vigilance states.
Wake wakefulness, NREM Non-rapid eye movement sleep, REM Rapid-eye movement sleep, DA Dopaminergic neurons, D1-MSNs dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons, D2-MSNs dopamine D2 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons, DS dorsal striatum, GAD2 glutamate decarboxylase 2-expressing neurons, Glu glutamatergic neurons, GPe external part of the Globus Pallidus, GPi internal part of the Globus Pallidus, LHA lateral hypothalamic area, NAc nucleus accumbens, PFC prefrontal cortex, PV parvalbumin neurons, SNc Substantia Nigra pars compacta, SNr Substantia Nigra pars reticulata, MD thalamic mediodorsal nucleus, VP ventral pallidum, VTA ventral tegmental area.

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Table 1 Cell-Type and pathway-specific manipulations in basal ganglia circuits relevant to sleep–wake regulation

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