Fig. 5: Effect of high-sugar feeding on Leptin, plasma triglycerides and plasma total cholesterol.

Forrest plots depicting the effects of high-sugar feeding on (A) Leptin, (B) plasma triglycerides and (C) plasma total cholesterol. The effect is quantified as d, which are the difference between the means of the treatment and control groups. Positive values indicate a higher mean in the sugar-fed groups compared to the control group (and vice versa). Overall estimates were estimated by random‐effects meta‐analysis and species- and sugar-specific effect were determined by random-effects meta-regressions. Estimates for fat as a percentage of diet, fasting time, duration, and age diet started, correspond to slopes from random‐effects meta‐regression. k is the number of effect sizes on which each estimate is based, and bars correspond to 95% confidence intervals.