Fig. 1: Graphs of the best-fitting models for relationships between CVH score at baseline and depression/anxiety at follow-up for 338,349 participants.

Solid line: Point estimation; Shadows: Confidence limits; Dash line: Reference line; The CVH score of health assessments (0–400 points) was calculated based on four components of health assessments (BMI, blood glucose, BP, and blood lipids). The CVH score of health behaviors (0–400 points) was calculated based on four components of human behaviors (smoking, PA, sleeping, and diet). The total CVH score (0–800 points) was calculated based on all components. The restricted cubic spline regression model adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (White, Black, Asian, and other), healthy alcohol intake(yes/no), years of education (<10 years), Townsend deprivation index, prevalent hypertension, CHD, and diabetes (yes/no). CHD coronary heart disease; Full-score = 400/800 points.