Table 1 Characteristics of all participants at baseline and the subgroups of participants

From: Cardiovascular health (“Life’s Essential 8”), risk of depression and anxiety: a prospective cohort study

Characteristica

All (n = 447,622)

Subgroup 1 (n = 388,349)

Subgroup 2 (n = 129,074)

Age (years)

56.51 (8.07)

56.78 (8.04)

56.08 (7.73)

BMI (kg/m2)

Underweight or normal weight (<25)

148,548 (33.35%)

131,770 (34.07%)

50,821 (39.46%)

Overweight (25–<30)

189,657 (42.58%)

167,180 (43.22%)

54,003 (41.93%)

Obese (≥30)

10,724 (24.08%)

87,821 (22.71%)

23,983 (18.62%)

Sex (male)

205,745 (45.96%)

181,748 (46.80%)

57,761 (44.75%)

Race (white)

426,996 (95.39%)

373,174 (96.09%)

125,851 (97.50%)

Townsend deprivation indexb

−1.38 (3.04)

−1.54 (2.95)

−1.80 (2.78)

Years of education (≥10 years)

294,516 (65.80%)

260,198 (67.00%)

102,749 (79.60%)

Healthy alcohol intake (yes)c

221,036 (49.41%)

196,649 (50.66%)

69,401 (53.78%)

Smoking status

Current smoker

46,292 (10.37%)

36,169 (9.34%)

8666 (6.72%)

Former smoker

155,804 (34.90%)

136,867 (35.34%)

45,511 (35.31%)

Never smoker

244,271 (54.72%)

214,255 (55.32%)

74,700 (57.96%)

Major diseases

Hypertensiond

122,489 (27.37%)

102,790 (26.47%)

27,673 (21.44%)

Coronary heart diseasee

25,256 (5.64%)

19,695 (5.07%)

4275 (3.31%)

Diabetesf

22,721 (5.08%)

17,773 (4.58%)

3960 (3.07%)

Depression/anxiety status at baseline

PHQ-4 score

1.61 (2.11)

0.10 (1.18)

 

Either disorder

59,273 (13.24%)

17,554 (4.52%)

 

Depression

29,005 (6.48%)

11,739 (3.02%)

 

Anxiety

47,378 (10.58%)

8982 (2.31%)

 

Depression/anxiety status at 7-year follow-up

PHQ-9 score

  

2.28 (3.06)

GAD-7 score

  

1.75 (2.90)

Either disorder

  

8512 (6.59%)

Depression

  

5808 (4.50%)

Anxiety

  

4630 (3.59%)

CVH score at baseline

Total score

538.72 (93.14)

543.78 (91.23)

 

 Health behaviors

292.23 (59.46)

296.03 (57.45)

 

 Smoking score

78.49 (30.67)

79.54 (29.60)

 

 Diet score

41.54 (31.91)

42.49 (31.87)

 

 Sleep score

89.24 (18.71)

90.57 (17.20)

 

 Physical activity score

82.96 (23.15)

83.42 (23.07)

 

 Health assessments

246.49 (65.10)

247.23 (64.39)

 

 BMI score

69.04 (28.52)

69.97 (27.96)

 

 Blood glucose score

88.26 (20.37)

88.68 (19.92)

 

 Blood pressure score

41.28 (31.27)

40.76 (31.15)

 

 Blood lipid score

41.91 (27.29)

47.82 (27.21)

 
  1. Note: BMI body mass index, PHQ-4 Patient Health Questionnaire-4 questionnaire, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 questionnaire, GAD-7 General Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire.
  2. aMean values (standard deviation) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
  3. bThis index is a composite score based on four key variables: unemployment, overcrowded households, non-car ownership, and non-home ownership.
  4. cHealthy alcohol intake: male: <28 g/day; female: <14 g/day.
  5. dHypertension diagnosed by the doctor according to self-reported information and/or medical records.
  6. eCoronary heart disease diagnosed by the doctor according to self-reported information and/or medical records.
  7. fDiabetes diagnosed by the doctor according to self-reported information and/or medical records.
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