Table 2 Associations of the CVH score with the PHQ-4 score and odds of depression and/or anxiety at baseline (Models 1 and 2)a

From: Cardiovascular health (“Life’s Essential 8”), risk of depression and anxiety: a prospective cohort study

CVH

PHQ-4 score

Either disorderb

Depression

Anxiety

Coefficients (SE)

p-value

Ncase/Ntotal

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Ncase/Ntotal

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Ncase/Ntotal

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Model 1

CVH score (Continuous)

0.4260(0.0034)

<0.0001

59,273/447,622

1.613(1.597–1.628)

<0.0001

29,005/447,622

1.665(1.644–1.687)

<0.0001

47,378/447,622

1.645(1.628–1.663)

<0.0001

CVH score (Quartiles)

Q4

Ref

 

10,606/113,109

Ref

 

4781/113,109

Ref

 

8247/113,109

Ref

 

Q3

0.2465(0.0088)

<0.0001

11,964/109,608

1.382(1.344–1.421)

<0.0001

5543/109,608

1.397(1.342–1.454)

<0.0001

9472/109,608

1.419(1.376–1.464)

<0.0001

Q2

0.4638(0.0088)

<0.0001

14,660/112,254

1.794(1.746–1.844)

<0.0001

7188/112,254

1.888(1.817-1.962)

<0.0001

11,549/112,254

1.831(1.777–1.888)

<0.0001

Q1

0.9605(0.0089)

<0.0001

22,043/112,651

2.980(2.904–3.058)

<0.0001

11,493/11,2651

3.187(3.074–3.304)

<0.0001

18,110/112,651

3.145(3.057–3.237)

<0.0001

Model 2

CVH score (Continuous)

0.3298(0.0036)

<0.0001

59,273/447,622

1.458(1.443–1.473)

<0.0001

29,005/447,622

1.481(1.460–1.501)

<0.0001

47,378/44,7622

1.487(1.470–1.503)

<0.0001

CVH score (Quartiles)

Q4

Ref

 

10,606/113,109

Ref

 

4781/113,109

Ref

 

8247/113,109

Ref

 

Q3

0.1930(0.0087)

<0.0001

11,964/109,608

1.313(1.276–1.350)

<0.0001

5543/109,608

1.311(1.259–1.365)

<0.0001

9472/109,608

1.350(1.309–1.394)

<0.0001

Q2

0.3459(0.0088)

<0.0001

14,660/112,254

1.598(1.554–1.643)

<0.0001

7188/112,254

1.643(1.579–1.708)

<0.0001

11,549/112,254

1.634(1.584–1.685)

<0.0001

Q1

0.7199(0.0092)

<0.0001

22,043/112,651

2.347(2.284–2.412)

<0.0001

11,493/112,651

2.414(2.324–2.507)

<0.0001

18,110/112,651

2.478(2.404–2.554)

<0.0001

  1. Note: PHQ-4 Patient Health Questionnaire-4 questionnaire, associations of CVH with PHQ-4 score were tested with linear regression models, and associations with the odds of either disorders, depression, and anxiety at baseline were tested with logistic regression models. Bold values indicates statistical significant P values.
  2. aModel 1 adjusted for age and sex; Model 2 additionally adjusted for hypertension, ethnicity, healthy alcohol intake, diabetes, coronary heart disease, Townsend deprivation index, and education.
  3. bEither disorder: with depression and/or anxiety, based on PHQ-4 questionnaires and hospital records.
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