Table 1 The main studies on the change of T cells in AF
From: Recent advances in understanding the roles of T cells in atrial fibrillation
Study | No. of patients | Sample source | Cell types | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yamashita et al.27 | 11 AF vs. 5 SR | LAA | CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells | Higher infiltration of CD3+ T cells in AF patients; some CD3+ T cells were CD8+, but changes in CD8+ T cells were unclear. |
Yamashita et al.29 | 21 persistent AF, 6 paroxysmal AF | LAA | CD3+ T cells | Positive correlation between LAD and CD3 immunostaining area. |
Smorodinova et al.100 | 19 persistent AF vs. 27 SR | LAA, RAA | CD3+ T cells | Elevated CD3+ T cells in left atrial myocardium instead of right atrial of AF patients. |
Hohmann et al.30 | 2 paroxysmal AF vs. 3 persistent AF vs. 3 permanent AF vs. 2 SR | LAA | CD3+ T cells | Increased CD3+ T cells from SR to paroxysmal to persistent AF; lower in permanent AF than persistent AF. |
Wu et al.28 | 20 paroxysmal AF, 30 long-standing persistent/permanent AF | LAA | CD3+ T cells | Higher absolute number of CD3+ T cells in adipose tissue than myocardium of atria. No difference between AF subtypes. |
Chang et al.35 | 45 AF vs. 45 control | Peripheral blood | CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells | Higher CD69 and HLA-DR on CD3+ T cells in AF; lower PD-1 on CD4+ T cells in AF. No difference in PD-1 on CD8+ T cells. |
Stone et al.37 | 10 permanent AF vs. 20 SR | Public domain micro-array samples from RAA | CD4+ T cells, γδ T cells, Treg cells | Association between permanent AF and increased CD4+ T cells and γδ T cells. Potential Treg/autoimmune phenotype related to structural remodeling. |
Infante et al.38 | 10 AF vs. 11 SR | Peripheral blood | CD4+ T cells | Hypomethylated of CDK5R1, GSE1, HSPG2 and WDFY3 in AF. Overexpression gene level of CDK5R1, GSE1, HSPG2 and WDFY3 in AF. |
Sulzgruber et al.47 | 56 CHF-AF vs. 56 CHF | Peripheral blood | CD4+CD28null T cells | Higher fraction of CD4+CD28null T cells in CHF-AF; associated with cardiovascular mortality and predictive of outcomes in CHF patients with AF. |
Sulzgruber et al.48 | 60 POAF vs. 69 non-POAF | Peripheral blood | CD4+CD28null T cells | Higher CD4+CD28null T cells in POAF; strong predictor for POAF after cardiac surgery, better than NT-proBNP. |
Floyd et al.49 | 1137 new on-set AF | Peripheral blood | CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Treg cells | No relationship between immune cells (CD4+, CD8+, Treg) and new-onset AF. |
Wu et al.69 | 168 AF vs. 168 control | Peripheral blood | Th17 cells | Higher Th17-related cytokines in AF than control. Positive correlation between Th17-related cytokines and LAD among AF. Negative correlation between Th17-related cytokines and LVEF among AF. |
He et al.71 | 25 POAF vs. 63 non-POAF | Peripheral blood | Th17 cells, Treg cells | Higher Th17/Treg in POAF; correlated with CRP level, LA volume, and risk scores. Th17/Treg ratio combined with CRP level is a valuable predictor for POAF. |
Wang et al.70 | 40 Rheumatoid Arthritis-AF patients vs. 120 Rheumatoid Arthritis control patients | Peripheral blood | Th1 cells, Th17 cells, Treg cells | Higher Th1, Th1/Th17 ratio, and absolute numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells in RA-AF. |
Dai et al.101 | 45 paroxysmal AF vs. 45 chronic AF vs. 45 control | Peripheral blood | Th17 cells, Tim-3+ cells | Significant increase in Th17 cells and related cytokines in peripheral blood of AF patients, while Tim-3+ cells and related cytokines were significantly decreased. Higher Th17/Tim-3+ cell ratio in chronic AF than paroxysmal AF. |
Haemers et al.94 | 12 AF | LAA | CD8+ T cells | High infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the transition zone between adipocytes and fibrosis area. |
Kazem et al.95 | 60 POAF vs. 69 non-POAF | Peripheral blood | CD8+CD28null T cells | Higher proportion of CD8+CD28null T cells in POAF patients, significantly associated with the incidence of POAF. |
Friebel et al.96 | 80 first-diagnosed AF vs. 20 control | Peripheral blood | CD8+ T cells CD3+ T cells | Higher activated CD8+CD57+ T cells in first-diagnosed AF; associated with atrial myopathy and cardiac remodeling. PAR1 activation enhances CD8+ T cell effector function and a higher expression of PAR1 in CD8+ T cells is linked to increased major adverse cardiovascular events in first-diagnosed AF. Higher CD3+PAR1+ T cells in FDAF. |
Sheng et al.26 | 6 AF vs. 6 SR | LAA | CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells | Increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in AF. CD8+ T cells were localized in myocardium and epicardial adipose tissue in AF patients. |
