Table 1 Image based CFD studies of plaque erosion

Campbell et al. 2013¹¹⁴

Angiogram

3 PE

Neither high nor low magnitudes of mean WSS were associated with sites of plaque erosion. Oscillatory shear index (OSI) and local curvature were also not associated with erosion.

Giannopoulos et al. 2016¹¹⁰

OCT

1 PE

Pre-erosion flow simulation revealed an area of low WSS and blood velocity at the downstream shoulder, co-localizing with the site of erosion and thrombus.

Vergallo et al. 2019¹¹¹

OCT

1 PE

Plaque erosion co-localized with the area exposed to high WSS after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Yamamoto et al. 2019²⁶

OCT

18 PE

Plaque erosion and thrombus occurred at the area of peak WSS and WSS gradient in 17 of 18 lesions.

McElroy et al. 2021¹¹³

OCT

17 PE

The sites of adherent thrombi (assumed to be synonymous of endothelial erosion) had significantly increased time averaged WSS, maximum WSS, time averaged WSS gradient with a reduction in relative residence time, compared to a non‑diseased reference segment.

Thondapu et al. 2021⁶³

OCT

19 PR 18 PE

High WSS gradient is independently associated with plaque rupture while high WSS gradient, WSS, and oscillatory shear index associate with plaque erosion.

Kim et al. 2022¹⁰⁵

Follow-up OCT

23 PE at baseline

WSS and WSS gradient values were higher at the plaque erosion sites compared to non-erosion sites. Elevated ESS and ESSG at the erosion site persisted up to 12 months.

Russo et al. 2023⁶⁴

OCT

11 PE, 14 PR, 24 stable plaques

Plaque rupture exhibited a significantly higher WSS, with plaque erosion having an intermediate WSS value between stable and rupture plaques.

Hakim et al. 2023¹¹²

OCT

24 PE; 22 stable plaques;

Plaque erosion was strongly associated with higher WSS, WSS gradients, and plaque slope as compared with stable plaques.