Fig. 6: organic semiconductors for photobiomodulation of biological cells.

a Light modulation of membrane potential in HEK-293 cells cultured on PCPDTBT and MEHPPV polymers photo excited with light sources of 635 nm and 475 nm respectively. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence³²³. b Pictorial representation of NPs with pendant N-succinimidyl-ester groups docking on the surface of the cells and P3HT-NPs internalized by the cells. Engineered thiophene based NPs for phototransduction in live HEK-293 cells. Reproduced with permission from ref. ³²⁹. c Representation of polymer bio-photoelectric platform for electrical signal measurement and light modulation of cell proliferation and ion fluxes. The graph shows the cell proliferation evaluated during the 3 days of culture and expressed as cell doubling time. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0¹³. d Schematic representation of photoelectric effect-integrated PCL scaffold. Photocurrent curve measurement of the PCL -P3HT-Col scaffold and photocurrent curves of different scaffolds measured during green pulsed LS. Reproduced with permission from ref. ³³⁰.