Fig. 2: AIMC error sources.

Overview of the main error sources impacting computation accuracy in AIMC, including (a) memory quantization, variability, and drift, (b) array-level IR drop, line capacitances, and device yield, (c) nonlinearity, offset, mismatches, and variability of readout circuits, and (d) nonlinearity and quantization of ADCs and DACs. Experimental data for (e) memory quantization, variability, and (f) noise in RRAMs, (g) conductance drift in PCMs, and (h) simulations of IR drop impact on current outputs of crosspoint arrays of resistive memory devices. e Reproduced with permission from⁷⁰, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. f Reproduced with permission from⁵⁹. Copyright 2015 IEEE. g Reproduced with permission from⁷², licensed under a Creative Commons Attributions License. h Reproduced with permission from⁶³. Copyright 2022 IEEE.