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  • Review Article
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Membrane electrode assembly for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis

Nature Reviews Clean Technology volume 1, pages 413–431 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used in household and industrial applications but its synthesis is energy-intensive. An alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process is H2O2 electrosynthesis through a two-electron oxygen-reduction reaction (2e– ORR), using a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this Review, we overview the use of the MEA configuration for H2O2 electrosynthesis. A typical MEA cell includes a gas-diffusion electrode, an ion-exchange membrane and a flow field plate that regulate the mass transport of O2, water (reactant) and H2O2 (product) and manage the liquid–gas interactions. Depending on the ion-exchange membrane used, the H2O2 electrosynthesis systems are classified as single-membrane MEA, double-membrane solid-electrolyte MEA and membrane-free. Reducing the cell voltage or increasing the yield can be achieved through anode design strategies, including organic upgrading with low electro-oxidation potential and two-electron water oxidation that enables a theoretical full-cell H2O2 Faradaic efficiency of 200%. MEA-based H2O2 electrosynthesis coupled with downstream thermocatalytic chemical synthesis can produce value-added chemicals such as alcohols and epoxides. Current H2O2 electrosynthesis is approaching industrially relevant current densities (>300 mA cm–2), but long-term stability across diverse electrolysis environments (such as different pH conditions) requires optimization to meet the requirements of commercial applications.

Key points

  • A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) cell enables H2O2 electrosynthesis via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction.

  • The gas-diffusion electrode, the ion-exchange membrane and the flow field plate regulate the O2, water (protons) and H2O2 (HO2–) mass transport and optimize the liquid–gas interactions.

  • Single-membrane MEA, double-membrane solid-electrolyte MEA and membrane-free cells have different architecture designs that affect the H2O2 production efficiency.

  • Alternative anode oxidation reactions, including organic upgrading and two-electron water oxidation, reduce the cell voltage and enhance the overall yield of the H2O2 electrosynthesis system, respectively.

  • Coupling MEA-based H2O2 electrosynthesis with a thermocatalytic process (such as olefin and alkane oxidation) enables in situ utilization of H2O2 and electrification transformation of traditional chemical synthesis routines.

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Fig. 1: Green-electricity-driven MEA-based H2O2 electrosynthesis.
Fig. 2: Electrolysers for H2O2 electrosynthesis.
Fig. 3: Components of the H2O2 MEA cell.
Fig. 4: MEA cells for H2O2 electrosynthesis.
Fig. 5: H2O2 electrosynthesis systems integrating alternative anode oxidation reactions.
Fig. 6: Cascade electrocatalytic–thermocatalytic system using in situ generated H2O2.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate financial assistance from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 22425805, U22A20432, 22278364, 22211530045, 22178308 and 22238008), the development projects Jianbing and Lingyan from Zhejiang province (grant 2023C01226), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2022YFB4002100), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant 226-2024-00060), the Science Foundation of Donghai Laboratory (grant DH-2022ZY0009) and the Key Technology Breakthrough Program of Ningbo ‘Science and Innovation Yongjiang 2035’ (grant 2024H024). L.D. thanks the Australian Research Council for partial financial support (grant CE230100032).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Xinyi Zhang, Xiaoxuan Yang, Bin Yang, Zhongjian Li, Qinghua Zhang, Lecheng Lei & Yang Hou

  2. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Boman Su & Yu Gu

  3. ARC Center of Excellence for Carbon Science and Innovation, Australian Carbon Materials Center, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Liming Dai

  4. Hydrogen Energy Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Yang Hou

  5. School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China

    Yang Hou

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All authors contributed substantially to discussion of the content of this paper. X.Z. and Y.H. drafted the initial manuscript. All authors were involved in reviewing and editing the manuscript prior to submission.

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Zhang, X., Yang, X., Su, B. et al. Membrane electrode assembly for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis. Nat. Rev. Clean Technol. 1, 413–431 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44359-025-00069-7

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