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  • Perspective
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Taking perovskite photovoltaics from promise to product

Nature Reviews Clean Technology (2026) Cite this article

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Abstract

Perovskite photovoltaics (PV) have delivered rapid efficiency gains; however, commercial deployment remains constrained by issues related to scale-up, reliability and system-level uncertainties. The field is now limited less by material discovery than by the complex choreography of commercialization. In this Perspective, we reframe the commercialization of perovskite PV as a multidimensional, product-centric evolution spanning materials, manufacturing, standards, policy and market design. In this Perspective, we examine perovskite and perovskite–silicon tandem photovoltaic technologies, focusing on their manufacturing maturity and commercial readiness. We highlight a plateau effect, in which additional laboratory-scale efficiency gains provide limited benefit unless accompanied by improvements in production yield, operational stability and overall factory economics. Drawing on lessons from early pilot lines, regional industrial strategies and analogue technologies such as OLEDs, we highlight the roles of supply chains, adaptive standards and risk capital in creating bankable products. Future research must treat manufacturability, stability, resource constraints and recyclability as primary design variables, and coordinated, application-driven roadmaps are essential to translate perovskite PV from record-setting devices into a credible product.

Key points

  • Perovskite photovoltaics (PV) are no longer constrained primarily by efficiency but by the ability to integrate materials, manufacturing, standards and finance into a coherent product and value chain.

  • Conventional performance metrics (efficiency and stability of small-area cells) are insufficient for investment and deployment decisions; technology, manufacturing and commercial readiness levels, together with bankability and warranty-compatible reliability data, must guide policy and funding.

  • Industrially relevant manufacturing routes, robust supply chains and gigawatt-scale factory economics, such as capital expenditure, yield, throughput and learning curves, need to be treated as upfront design constraints rather than downstream optimization problems.

  • Regional differences in policy, industrial capacity and risk appetite, such as China’s vertically integrated model versus more fragmented ecosystems in Europe and the United States, will shape where and how perovskite PV first reaches meaningful scale.

  • Perovskite single-junction modules are expected to succeed in differentiated applications such as building-integrated PV, aerospace and agrivoltaics, whereas high-efficiency tandem architectures remain the most promising pathway for mass-market adoption.

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Fig. 1: Scaling behaviour and reliability considerations in perovskite photovoltaic modules.
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Fig. 2: Breaking out of the scale-up plateau.
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Fig. 3: Perovskite PV capacity projections and commercialization roadmap.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 4: Evolution of manufacturing and commercial readiness for perovskite photovoltaics.
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Acknowledgements

This work has received funding as part of the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101147311 of the LAPERITIVO project, grant agreement no. 101079488 of the TESTARE project, grant agreement no. 101291137 of the TRANSPIRE project and grant agreement no. 101120397 of the Approach project. A.K.H. acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 101153019. Z.-F.H. acknowledges funding from the National Science and Technology Council (114-2917-I-564-018). H.T. thanks the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB4200304) and the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (T2325016); K.X. thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62504100).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IMEC, IUMAT, Thin Film PV Technology, Genk, Belgium

    Amit Kumar Harit, Zi-Fan He, Yinghuan Kuang, Tamara Merckx, Aranzazu Aguirre, Tom Aernouts & Anurag Krishna

  2. UHASSELT, Institute for Materials Research (IUMAT), Hasselt, Belgium

    Amit Kumar Harit, Zi-Fan He, Yinghuan Kuang, Tamara Merckx, Aranzazu Aguirre, Tom Aernouts & Anurag Krishna

  3. EnergyVille, IUMAT, Genk, Belgium

    Amit Kumar Harit, Zi-Fan He, Yinghuan Kuang, Tamara Merckx, Aranzazu Aguirre, Tom Aernouts & Anurag Krishna

  4. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Manya Li, Ke Xiao & Hairen Tan

  5. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Xi Wang & Yi Hou

  6. Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Xi Wang & Yi Hou

  7. Hangzhou Microquanta Semiconductor, Hangzhou, China

    Buyi Yan

  8. Research and Development Center, Renshine Solar (Suzhou), Changshu, Jiangsu, China

    Hairen Tan

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Contributions

A.K.H. and A.K. conceived the article, collected the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. A.K., A.K.H. and Z.-F.H. prepared the figures. All authors contributed substantially to the discussion of the content, reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anurag Krishna.

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Competing interests

Y.H. is the founder of Singfilm Solar, a company commercializing perovskite PV. H.T. is the founder, chief scientific officer and chairman of Renshine Solar (Suzhou), a company that is commercializing perovskite PV. B.Y. has ownership interests of Hangzhou Microquanta Semiconductor, a company that is commercializing perovskite PV. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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Harit, A.K., He, ZF., Kuang, Y. et al. Taking perovskite photovoltaics from promise to product. Nat. Rev. Clean Technol. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44359-026-00173-2

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