Fig. 11: Workflow of all tissue culture experiments (Supplementary Table 3).

Leaf explants were harvested and used for tissue culture experiments. A total of thirteen different treatments were evaluated for their efficacy in callus induction. Based on their superior performance, three treatments—designated as F, G, and L—were selected for further experimentation. To confirm reproducibility, a fresh batch of callus cultures was induced using treatments F, G, and L. For each treatment, fifteen replicates were prepared (twelve primary replicates plus three additional ones to account for potential contamination or culture damage). Three replicates per treatment were designated for callus induction validation, while the remaining replicates were allocated for the elicitation experiment involving AgNO₃ (only in Group 2). For the elicitation experiment, three replicates of callus cultures derived from each selected treatment (F, G, and L) were subcultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with the corresponding plant growth regulators and AgNO₃ at concentrations of 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, or 2.0 mg/L. Simultaneously, an additional set of three replicates per treatment was prepared in MS medium supplemented with the corresponding plant growth regulators and 1.0 mg/L AgNO₃. In this setup, surface-sterilized fresh leaf explants were inoculated and incubated in the culture room under controlled conditions. Key: Thick dark arrows represent transitions between different types of experiments, while thick dark-blue arrows indicate stepwise progression within and between experimental stages. Solid dark arrows show sequential transitions between processes within a single experiment. Bipolar red dotted arrows denote exceptional or non-standard transitions across steps or experiments.