Fig. 7: Antimicrobial and antifungal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lead A. annua extracts.

The antimicrobial activity of selected extracts was determined using a broth dilution assay (Supplementary Table 6). The figure is organized by pathogen, with each tested extract represented by two corresponding panels: the prepared serial dilution series and the final MIC assay result after a standardized incubation period. For all extracts, the dilution series ranges from C1 (50 mg/mL) to C10 (0.098 mg/mL). The MIC is defined as the lowest concentration that completely inhibits visible microbial growth. A–D Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after 24 hours of incubation in the nutrient broth. A, B The serial dilution and corresponding assay for Extract 9B, which exhibited an MIC of 0.39 mg/mL (tube C8). (Note: The dedicated growth control tube for panel B was inadvertently omitted during image capture; however, vigorous turbidity in tubes C9-C10 serves as a clear internal positive reference for microbial growth, confirming that the absence of the control tube in the image does not affect the interpretation of the MIC value). C, D The serial dilution and corresponding assay for Extract 16A, which exhibited an MIC of 3.125 mg/mL (tube C5). E–H Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 24 hours of incubation in the nutrient broth. E, F The serial dilution and corresponding assay for Extract 1B, showing an MIC of 50 mg/mL (tube C1). G, H The serial dilution and corresponding assay for Extract 5B, showing an MIC of 25 mg/mL (tube C2). I–L Antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus after 48 hours of incubation in Sabouraud Dextrose (SD) broth. I, J The serial dilution and corresponding assay for Extract 5C, revealing an MIC of 0.781 mg/mL (tube C7). K, L The serial dilution and corresponding assay for Extract 7A, revealing an MIC of 6.25 mg/mL (tube C4). Controls: for all assays, controls were run in triplicate. The sterility control (media broth only) confirmed the absence of contamination. The growth control (broth + inoculum) confirmed organism viability. The positive control consisted of broth with inoculum and a standard inhibitor (0.1 mg/mL ciprofloxacin for bacteria; 0.35 mg/mL itraconazole for fungi).