Table 8 Age estimation result comparison with other method

From: Age estimation via electrocardiogram from smartwatches

Metric

ECG-based age estimation (this Study)

Facial recognition-based age estimation29

Accuracy (MAE)

2.93 years (age range: 3–78 years)

2.5 years (age range: 6–70 years)

Skin tone dependency

None observed

Performance varies with skin tone

Health condition impact

Significant, according to prior studies.

None reported

Gender variation

Minimal

Minimal

Anonymization

Ensures anonymity through biomedical data processing.

Not fully anonymous; privacy concerns exist due to image data.