Table 1 Comparison of Magnetic NeuroRing and clinic closed-loop TMS device

Portability

Portable, lightweight design (TPU 95 A + carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide)

Bulky, stationary equipment

EEG channels

8-channel EEG (FC3, FC4, CP3, CP4, FT7, FT8, TP7, TP8)

High-density EEG arrays

TMS protocol

Closed-loop cTBS (theta burst stimulation) with adaptive intensity/frequency control

Conventional rTMS (repetitive TMS) with fixed protocols

Closed-loop logic

Rule-based EEG feedback (ERD/ERS < 0 for 5 trials) triggers cTBS

Limited real-time adjustments; delayed feedback loops

Adaptive algorithm

Reinforcement learning optimizes stimulation parameters dynamically (future potential)

Static protocols without AI-driven personalization

Stimulation target

Inhibits hyperactive intact hemisphere to rebalance interhemispheric dynamics

Generic cortical targeting (lesioned hemisphere activation)

Customization

Patient-specific headgear via 3D scanning (0.6 mm accuracy)

Standardized electrode placement; no anatomical customization

Operational modes

Dual-mode: Hospital (clinical integration) and home (self-administered therapy)

Restricted to clinical settings

Key biomarkers

ERD/ERS, LI, rPSD

Limited biomarker integration (basic ERD or motor thresholds)

Wireless capability

Bluetooth-enabled EEG data transmission

Wired connections for data and stimulation

Patient engagement

Immersive rehabilitation via integration with VR/AR (future potential)

Limited engagement tools; relies on therapist-guided exercises

Neuroplasticity focus

cTBS-driven GABAergic inhibition + Hebbian plasticity for cortical recalibration

Primarily excitatory (high-frequency rTMS)

Safety & usability

High ratings (4.7/5 safety, 4.5/5 usability)

Safety dependent on operator expertise; usability challenges