Fig. 2: Heritability estimates of brain diseases based on narrow-sense, twin-based, and SOLAR-based heritability models.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. P values were adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction. CI = 95% confidence interval, H2 heritability estimate, N = number. Alzheimer’s disease is a combined category with dementia of unspecified etiology. Narrow-sense models are based on genome-wide association studies or genome-wide complex trait analysis✦. °Interpret with caution. In the absence of direct twin studies for vascular dementia, we used a twin study on the heritability of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) as proxy because WMHs are strongly associated with small-vessel disease, a major contributor to vascular dementia. See the Supplementary Discussion for further interpretation of our findings.