Table 2 Associations of Age, Sex, and Education with DCTclock Total Score and Subdomain Scores in the Command and Copy Tasks

From: Digital clock assessment in South Asian setting: pilot study

Outcome

Median (IQR)

Estimate (SE)

P value

DCTClock Score

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

54.6 (33.5, 74.1)

Ref

 

- 61-70

43.7 (18.6, 63.5)

-10.91 (3.26)

<0.001

->70

24.5 (12.1, 50.5)

-21.27 (3.97)

<0.001

Sex

- Male

47.2 (22.6, 64.2)

Ref

 

- Female

46.1 (18.6, 68.3)

-0.24 (3.06)

0.938

Education

- Up to high school

19 (7.7, 36.9)

Ref

 

- College

44.2 (18.7, 60.3)

17.86 (5.68)

0.002

- Graduate

59.2 (34.9, 76.1)

30.07 (6.06)

<0.001

Drawing efficiency (Command domain)

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

56.6 (46.9, 63.8)

Ref

 

- 61-70

54.3 (43.8, 62.9)

-2.50 (1.76)

0.158

- >70

51.6 (40.1, 59.4)

-5.16 (2.15)

0.017

Sex

- Male

56.5 (46.8, 63.5)

Ref

 

- Female

54 (43.5, 62.2)

-2.44 (1.59)

0.125

Education

- Up to high school

42.3 (35.3, 53.1)

Ref

 

- College

54.6 (43.3, 61.4)

8.14 (2.96)

0.006

- Graduate

59.3 (52.9, 65.7)

14.91 (3.16)

<0.001

Information Processing (Command domain)

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

54.3 (47.8, 61.2)

Ref

 

- 61-70

53.1 (46.8, 61.6)

-1.32 (1.50)

0.38

- >70

53.6 (46.1, 60.5)

0.13 (1.83)

0.945

Sex

- Male

54.7 (49.8, 61.3)

Ref

 

- Female

52.6 (44.6, 61)

-2.98 (1.34)

0.026

Education

- Up to high school

38.8 (29.6, 46.9)

Ref

 

- College

53.2 (46.6, 59.9)

12.29 (2.38)

<0.001

- Graduate

60.8 (52.9, 66.1)

19.13 (2.54)

<0.001

Simple Motor (Command domain)

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

56.6 (50.9, 63.2)

Ref

 

- 61-70

56.4 (48.7, 62.5)

-0.82 (1.31)

0.532

- >70

51.2 (40.7, 60.5)

-6.20 (1.60)

<0.001

Sex

- Male

56.2 (48.3, 62.6)

Ref

 

- Female

56.1 (49.1, 62.7)

0.94 (1.20)

0.433

Education

- Up to high school

55.5 (48.5, 62.4)

Ref

 

- College

56.1 (49.4, 62.6)

-1.12 (2.34)

0.633

- Graduate

56.2 (48.7, 62.9)

-1.10 (2.49)

0.659

Spatial Reasoning (Command domain)

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

58.4 (36.8, 69.8)

Ref

 

- 61-70

50.0 (31.9, 66.9)

-5.00 (2.76)

0.071

- >70

39.5 (20.7, 55.5)

-13.20 (3.36)

<0.001

Sex

- Male

51.9 (33.1, 63.9)

Ref

 

- Female

52.3 (31.7, 68.7)

0.79 (2.53)

0.754

Education

- Up to high school

24.3 (17.2, 41.9)

Ref

 

- College

50 (31.5, 64.5)

15.03 (4.69)

0.002

- Graduate

61.3 (41.4, 74.4)

25.28 (5.00)

<0.001

Drawing efficiency (Copy domain)

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

57.4 (52.4, 61.7)

Ref

 

- 61-70

53.1 (45.2, 59.3)

-4.48 (1.46)

0.002

- >70

47 (38.7, 57.4)

-9.12 (1.78)

<0.001

Sex

- Male

56.2 (47.3, 61.6)

Ref

 

- Female

54.9 (46, 59.9)

-2.25 (1.36)

0.099

Education

- Up to high school

48.5 (29.2, 54.4)

Ref

 

- College

55.9 (45, 60.4)

8.14 (2.53)

0.001

- Graduate

56.5 (50.2, 62.3)

11.31 (2.70)

<0.001

Information Processing (Copy domain)

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

51.2 (41, 59)

Ref

 

- 61-70

49.5 (39.9, 58.8)

-0.69 (1.76)

0.695

- >70

48.3 (40.2, 55)

-2.72 (2.15)

0.207

Sex

- Male

51.6 (42.8, 60.1)

Ref

 

- Female

48.6 (39.1, 57.3)

-3.47 (1.57)

0.028

Education

- Up to high school

35.3 (20.4, 43.6)

Ref

 

- College

49 (40.5, 57)

13.29 (2.82)

<0.001

- Graduate

54.5 (47.3, 63.1)

19.43 (3.01)

<0.001

Simple Motor (Copy domain)

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

55.4 (50.6, 61.3)

Ref

 

- 61-70

54.6 (49.5, 58.8)

-1.72 (0.97)

0.076

- >70

49.4 (44.4, 53.3)

-6.14 (1.18)

<0.001

Sex

- Male

54 (47.7, 59.7)

Ref

 

- Female

54.4 (49.7, 58.8)

0.75 (0.90)

0.407

Education

- Up to high school

54.6 (48.7, 57.2)

Ref

 

- College

54.3 (48.5, 60.2)

0.22 (1.72)

0.899

- Graduate

54.4 (49.5, 59)

-0.13 (1.84)

0.942

Spatial Reasoning (Copy domain)

Age (years)

- 50 to 60

61.2 (44.8, 73.2)

Ref

 

- 61-70

45.4 (27.9, 63.3)

-12.83 (2.78)

<0.001

- >70

34.4 (24.1, 60.7)

-16.63 (3.39)

<0.001

Sex

- Male

51.2 (31.4, 68.7)

Ref

 

- Female

50.8 (31.8, 69.8)

1.40 (2.62)

0.594

Education

- Up to high school

35.2 (19.8, 55)

Ref

 

- College

49.5 (31.3, 68.5)

10.91 (4.92)

0.027

- Graduate

59.4 (38.4, 73.3)

16.15 (5.26)

0.002

  1. Median (interquartile range, IQR) values are shown for each subgroup. Linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of age (reference: 50 to 60 years), sex (reference: male), and education (reference: up to high school) with each DCTclock metric. The Estimate represents the difference in score compared to the reference group, along with standard errors (SE) and p-values. Results are presented for the DCTclock total score and for each subdomain: Drawing efficiency, information processing, simple motor, and spatial reasoning, separately for the command and copy conditions.
  2. A positive estimate indicates better performance relative to the reference group. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are bolded in the table.
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