Fig. 2: 2D and 3D scatter plots of Per3DCEICC, Per3DCEIPC, and the ratio with Geometry Type colors.

a The 2D scatter plot compares Per3DCEIPC (carbon emission intensity in prefabricated construction) against Per3DCEICC (carbon emission intensity in conventional construction), with different Geometry Types represented by colors: red (A), green (B), blue (C), purple (D), yellow (E), and orange (F). Each point is labeled with a unique building identifier. b The 3D scatter plot shows Per3DCEICC on the x-axis, Per3DCEIPC on the y-axis, and the ratio (Per3DCEICC−Per3DCEIPC)/Per3DCEICC on the z-axis. The points are color-coded by Geometry Types, offering insights into the spatial relationships between carbon emission intensities and geometric properties.