Table 1 Linear models of air pollution in the New York City metropolitan area

From: A first look into congestion pricing in the United States: PM2.5 impacts after six months of New York City cordon pricing

 

CBSA

NYC

CRZ

Predictor

M1 base

M2 +weather

M3 +demo

M4 base

M5 +weather

M6 +demo

M7 base

M8 +weather

M9 +demo

Daily effect

<0.01*** (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

<0.01* (0.00)

<0.01* (0.00)

< 0.01 (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

Treatment

−0.39*** (0.02)

−0.20*** (0.02)

−0.20*** (0.02)

−0.47*** (0.03)

−0.22*** (0.03)

−0.22*** (0.03)

−0.49*** (0.05)

−0.21*** (0.06)

−0.19*** (0.05)

\(\sqrt{{\text{Background PM}}_{2.5}}\)

0.91*** (0.01)

0.80*** (0.01)

0.79*** (0.01)

0.91*** (0.01)

0.75*** (0.01)

0.77*** (0.01)

0.86*** (0.02)

0.67*** (0.02)

0.66*** (0.02)

ln(Distance from road)

−0.03*** (0.00)

−0.03*** (0.00)

<0.01 (0.00)

−0.03*** (0.00)

−0.03*** (0.00)

−0.02*** (0.00)

   

ln(Temperature)

 

0.72*** (0.03)

0.66*** (0.03)

 

0.83*** (0.04)

0.84*** (0.04)

 

0.76*** (0.08)

0.73*** (0.07)

% Humidity

 

 < 0.01 (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

 

0.01*** (0.00)

0.01*** (0.00)

 

0.01*** (0.00)

0.01*** (0.00)

Windspeed (m/s)

 

−0.02*** (0.00)

−0.02*** (0.00)

 

−0.02*** (0.00)

−0.02*** (0.00)

 

−0.03*** (0.01)

−0.03*** (0.00)

Precipitation

 

0.48 (0.40)

−0.54 (0.39)

 

−0.80 0.51)

−1.01* (0.51)

 

−3.17** (1.01)

−2.92** (0.93)

% Cloud cover

 

<0.01 (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

 

<0.01*** (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

 

<0.01*** (0.00)

<0.01*** (0.00)

ln(Pop. density)

  

0.07*** (0.00)

  

0.07*** (0.01)

  

−1.21*** (0.06)

ln(Median income)

  

−0.09*** (0.02)

  

0.13*** (0.03)

  

0.10** (0.03)

% Non-White

  

−0.03 (0.03)

  

0.07 (0.05)

   

% Hispanic/Latino

  

−0.36*** (0.03)

  

−0.14** (0.04)

   

Constant

0.74*** (0.04)

−1.36*** (0.12)

−0.89** (0.28)

0.80*** (0.05)

−1.76*** (0.15)

−4.10*** (0.39)

0.82*** (0.08)

−1.70*** (0.28)

10.01*** (0.78)

R2

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.54

0.57

0.58

0.58

0.62

0.68

Max VIF

6.5

7.0

7.0

6.8

7.4

7.4

7.3

7.9

8.0

F (df)

336.4*** (62)

335.1*** (67)

338.7*** (71)

207.3*** (62)

218.3*** (67)

214.0*** (71)

59.1***(61)

64.8***(66)

79.2***(68)

RMSE (μg/m3)

0.55

0.54

0.53

0.56

0.54

0.53

0.50

0.48

0.44

MAE (μg/m3)

0.42

0.41

0.41

0.43

0.42

0.41

0.39

0.37

0.34

%MAE/Range

9%

9%

9%

10%

9%

9%

12%

11%

10%

Range (μg/m3)

0.3–5.0

0.3–5.0

0.3–5.0

0.5–5.0

0.5–5.0

0.5–5.0

1.8–5.0

1.8–5.0

1.8–5.0

N obs

17,758

17,667

17,667

11,228

11,193

11,193

2651

2651

2651

N treated

5469

5412

5412

3608

3589

3589

882

882

882

N control

12,289

12,255

12,255

7620

7604

7604

1769

1769

1769

  1. Dependent variable: \(\sqrt{{{\rm{PM}}}_{2.5}}\) concentration (μg/m3).
  2. Statistical significance: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, p < 0.10.
  3. Fixed effects: day-of-week (7 levels) and week-of-year (52 levels) included in the model estimation but omitted from the table due to space constraints.
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