Fig. 1: Hourly agreement and bias characteristics of TEMPO Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2) columns against Pandora ground references across the conterminous United States. | npj Clean Air

Fig. 1: Hourly agreement and bias characteristics of TEMPO Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2) columns against Pandora ground references across the conterminous United States.

From: Hybrid transformer and physics-informed neural operator for correcting TEMPO NO2 biases over North America

Fig. 1: Hourly agreement and bias characteristics of TEMPO Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2) columns against Pandora ground references across the conterminous United States.The alt text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a shows the hourly coefficient of determination (R2) in local time between Pandora NO2 vertical column density (VCD) and both TEMPO tropospheric NO2 VCD (orange markers) and TEMPO NO2 slant column density (SCD; blue square markers) at 58 Pandora Global Network stations across the continental United States, using all collocated observations from August 2023 to December 2024. b displays hourly mean biases calculated as TEMPO NO2 VCD minus Pandora NO2 VCD (black circular markers), along with the one standard deviation (±1σ) spread shown as gray shaded bands, and the overall mean bias represented by a red solid line. Visual encodings: orange markers in (a) represent TEMPO tropospheric NO2 VCD, blue square markers in (a) represent TEMPO NO2 SCD, black circular markers in (b) represent hourly bias values, gray shading indicates the ±1σ spread, and the red solid line denotes the overall mean bias. Column density units are molecules per square centimeter (molecules/cm2), and σ refers to standard deviation.

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