Fig. 2: 10-fold cross-validation comparison of Pandora total nitrogen dioxide vertical column density (NO2 VCD) with a ML model predictions and b original TEMPO retrievals. | npj Clean Air

Fig. 2: 10-fold cross-validation comparison of Pandora total nitrogen dioxide vertical column density (NO2 VCD) with a ML model predictions and b original TEMPO retrievals.

From: Hybrid transformer and physics-informed neural operator for correcting TEMPO NO2 biases over North America

Fig. 2: 10-fold cross-validation comparison of Pandora total nitrogen dioxide vertical column density (NO2 VCD) with a ML model predictions and b original TEMPO retrievals.

a shows aggregated scatter-density points from all validation folds comparing Pandora total NO2 VCD and model-predicted NO2 VCD. b shows the same comparison using original TEMPO NO2 VCD pooled across all folds. In both panels, color shading shows sample density on a log scale, the red solid line shows the best-fit regression, and the gray dashed line shows the 1:1 reference. NO2 VCD units are molecules/cm2.

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