Fig. 2: Materials, fabrication, and mechanism of plasmon polaritons.

a–d Plasmonic nanomaterials including metallic nanostructures19, semiconductor nanocrystals20, 2D materials23, and conductive polymers24. e Plasmonic nanostructure fabrication, including bottom-up fabrication and top-down fabrication. Reproduced with permission19. Copyright 2022 John Wiley and Sons. Reproduced with permission20. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission23. Copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons. Reproduced with permission24. Copyright 2018 Springer Nature Limited.