Fig. 1: Study area map and visualization of key variables. | Communications Sustainability

Fig. 1: Study area map and visualization of key variables.

From: Riparian vegetation reduces coastal turbidity

Fig. 1: Study area map and visualization of key variables.The alt text for this image may have been generated using AI.

A Study area and focal variables. Coral reefs (coral circles)68,95,97,98, seagrass beds (green circles)95,96, and field turbidity measurements (yellow). All rivers that flow into the Golfo Dulce (dark blue lines), watersheds (black lines), gravel roads (purple lines), paved roads (white lines). B Location of the study area in panel A within Costa Rica. C Land use/land cover and turbidity (Normalized Difference Turbidity Index: NDTI) from 2019, along with all rivers that flow into the Golfo Dulce (dark blue). Yellow indicates higher turbidity, and darker blue indicates lower turbidity. A zoomed-up inset map of the Rincón-Riyito River mouth and an aerial photograph are available in Supplementary Fig. 1 to help illustrate the relationship between land use, turbidity plumes, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. Basemaps are from ESRI (Intellectual property of Esri and is used herein under license. Copyright © 2025 Esri and its licensors. All rights reserved.).

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