Fig. 6: Comparison of estimates between modelling approaches.

Estimates of the impact of increasing riparian natural vegetation (A) and pasture (B) on NDTI 100 m off the coast based on the naïve linear model, mixed-effects model, two-way fixed effects, IPW with the random effect for river, IPW without the random effect, group mean covariate, and group mean centered. The group mean centered estimate is for watershed land use anomaly. Blue indicates a p-value of the estimate less than 0.05, and gray indicates a p-value greater than 0.05. Circles indicate models including standard SEs and river-level random effects, and triangles indicate models with clustered robust SEs and no river-level random effects. Bars represent the 95% confidence intervals.