Fig. 2: Conceptual physical mechanisms for three OWC paradigms. | npj Wireless Technology

Fig. 2: Conceptual physical mechanisms for three OWC paradigms.

From: Vectorial optical wireless communications: bridging optical physics and engineering for 6G and beyond

Fig. 2: Conceptual physical mechanisms for three OWC paradigms.

a In scalar OWC, information encoded on a single DoF is susceptible to channel fading. b In multiplexed OWC, information on multiple DoFs is susceptible to crosstalk. c In vectorial OWC, information is encoded on a physical invariant (e.g., entanglement or topology) of coupled DoFs, which is robust against channel disturbances, thereby preserving information integrity.

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