Fig. 3: Performance of three modulation schemes in disordered media. | npj Wireless Technology

Fig. 3: Performance of three modulation schemes in disordered media.

From: Vectorial optical wireless communications: bridging optical physics and engineering for 6G and beyond

Fig. 3: Performance of three modulation schemes in disordered media.The alt text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a IM is susceptible to optical power fading and scintillation. b PM suffers from channel-induced depolarization. c VM leverages the robustness of concurrence as a physical invariant despite channel distortions, thereby achieving near-zero symbol errors.

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