Abstract
Study design:
Experimental and cross-sectional study.
Objective:
To assess the immediate effect of exercise on heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation (PV), oxygen pulse (OP), glucose and lipids of wheelchair basketball players with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Setting:
Center of Studies in Psychobiology and Exercise—São Paulo, Brazil.
Methods:
In all, nine wheelchair basketball players with SCI and nine able-bodied controls (C) performed three exercise sessions at different intensities: ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1), 15% below VT1 and 15% above VT1 with a duration of ~24–34 min. HR, VO2, PV, OP, glucose and lipids were analyzed.
Results:
VO2, PV and OP were significantly lower in the players with SCI compared to C during the same intensity exercise sessions. However, the individuals with SCIs demonstrated increases in HR, PV and OP at similar rates to C. Triglycerides of the SCI group were elevated 30 min after the exercise session at VT1 compared to values before the exercise session (P=0.017); this elevation was not observed in group C. For the exercise sessions 15% above VT1, only glucose (P=0.040) and low-density lipoprotein (P=0.012) 30 min after the exercise were elevated in the SCI group compared to group C.
Conclusion:
We conclude that the SCI group demonstrated increases in HR, PV and OP but not VO2 with increased intensity of exercise at similar rates as in group C.
Similar content being viewed by others
Log in or create a free account to read this content
Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com
or
References
Davis GM . Exercise capacity of individuals with paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 423–432.
Bauman WA, Spungen AM . Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2001; 24: 266–277.
Lavela SL, Weaver FM, Goldstein B, Chen K, Miskevics S, Rajan S et al. Diabetes mellitus in individuals with spinal cord injury or disorder. J Spinal Cord Med 2006; 29: 387–395.
Laclaustra M, Van Den Berg EL, Hurtado-Roca Y, Castellote JM . Serum lipid profile in subjects with traumatic spinal cord injury. PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0115522.
Cowan RE, Nash MS . Cardiovascular disease, SCI and exercise: unique risks and focused countermeasures. Disabil Rehabil 2010; 32: 2228–2236.
Hicks AL, Martin Ginis KA, Pelletier CA, Ditor DS, Foulon B, Wolfe DL . The effects of exercise training on physical capacity, strength, body composition and functional performance among adults with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord 2011; 49: 1103–1127.
Ginis KA, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Latimer AE, Buchholz AC, Bray SR, Craven BC et al. Leisure time physical activity in a population-based sample of people with spinal cord injury part II: activity types, intensities, and durations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91: 729–733.
Booher MA, Smith BW . Physiological effects of exercise on the cardiopulmonary system. Clin Sports Med 2003; 22: 1–21.
Gutin B, Ang KE, Torrey K . Cardiorespiratory and subjective responses to incremental and constant load ergometry with arms and legs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 510–513.
Thompson PD, Crouse SF, Goodpaster B, Kelley D, Moyna N, Pescatello L . The acute versus the chronic response to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: S438–S445.
Richter EA, Hargreaves M . Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Physiol Rev 2013; 93: 993–1017.
El-Sayed MS, Younesian A . Lipid profiles are influenced by arm cranking exercise and training in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2005; 43: 299–305.
Jacobs PL, Nash MS . Exercise recommendations for individuals with spinal cord injury. Sports Med 2004; 34: 727–751.
Tsao TH, Yang CB, Hsu CH . Effects of different exercise intensities with isoenergetic expenditures on C-reactive protein and blood lipid levels. Res Q Exerc Sport 2012; 83: 293–299.
Howley ET, Bassett DR Jr, Welch HG . Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1292–1301.
Gaskill SE, Ruby BC, Walker AJ, Sanchez OA, Serfass RC, Leon AS . Validity and reliability of combining three methods to determine ventilatory threshold. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1841–1848.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS . Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502.
Schmid A, Huonker M, Barturen JM, Stahl F, Schmidt-Trucksass A, Konig D et al. Catecholamines, heart rate, and oxygen uptake during exercise in persons with spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 85: 635–641.
Oliveira RB, Myers J, Araujo CG, Abella J, Mandic S, Froelicher V . Maximal exercise oxygen pulse as a predictor of mortality among male veterans referred for exercise testing. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009; 16: 358–364.
Gonzalez-Alonso J . Point: stroke volume does/does not decline during exercise at maximal effort in healthy individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104: 275–276.
Kang J, Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Dasilva SG, Suminski RR, Utter AC et al. Metabolic efficiency during arm and leg exercise at the same relative intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 377–382.
Sheel AW, Romer LM . Ventilation and respiratory mechanics. Compr Physiol 2012; 2: 1093–1142.
Pendergast DR . Cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic responses to upper body exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: S121–S125.
Schneider DA, Wing AN, Morris NR . Oxygen uptake and heart rate kinetics during heavy exercise: a comparison between arm cranking and leg cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002; 88: 100–106.
Calbet JA, Holmberg HC, Rosdahl H, van Hall G, Jensen-Urstad M, Saltin B . Why do arms extract less oxygen than legs during exercise? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289: R1448–R1458.
Leicht CA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Bishop NC . Spinal cord injury: known and possible influences on the immune response to exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev 2013; 19: 144–163.
Kjaer M, Dela F, Sorensen FB, Secher NH, Bangsbo J, Mohr T et al. Fatty acid kinetics and carbohydrate metabolism during electrical exercise in spinal cord-injured humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R1492–R1498.
Jacobs KA, Burns P, Kressler J, Nash MS . Heavy reliance on carbohydrate across a wide range of exercise intensities during voluntary arm ergometry in persons with paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36: 427–435.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Associação Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa—AFIP, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico—CNPq), Centro Multidisciplinar em Sonolência e Acidentes—CEMSA, Centros de Pesquisa, Expansão e Difusão do Instituto do Sono—CEPID/SONO, Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo—FAPESP and the Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício—CEPE.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alves, E., Santos, R., Ruiz, F. et al. Physiological and lipid profile response to acute exercise at different intensities in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 3, 17037 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/scsandc.2017.37
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/scsandc.2017.37
This article is cited by
-
Methodological Considerations Which Could Improve Spinal Cord Injury Research
Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise (2020)
