Figure 5

Proposed model of the potential immune signaling pathways in P. xylostella

P. xylostella immune genes are indicated with prefix “Px” and are detailed in Table S2. All the putative pathways genes from P. xylostella were predicted based on sequence similarity as compared with other insects. The small question mark (?) next to the MyD88 indicates that the absence of this gene may be caused by the method of homologue search or incomplete genome information and we cannot rule out the presence of MyD88 in P. xylostella. It is also possible that the function of MyD88 may be substituted by other adaptors, which need to be validated by experiments in future studies.