Figure 4: Effects of chronic morphine and TLR ligands in knock-out mice.

Macrophages extracted from (A) wild-type, (B) MORKO, (C) TLR2-KO and (D) TLR4-KO were treated ex vivo with morphine, LPS and LTA as previously described for 4 hours, and analyzed using fluorometric assay and confocal microscopy (single cells) following 60 min of phagocytosis with OPDex bead (***p < 0.0001).