Table 3 Multivariable Cox regression analyses of the related factors for developing cancer in asthma patients.

From: Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Decrease Cancer Risk in Asthma Patients

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

HR

95% CI

P value

HR

95% CI

P value

HR

95% CI

P value

lower

upper

lower

upper

lower

upper

Age: (vs. age ≤40)

 40< Age ≤65

0.74

0.30

1.80

0.5049

0.76

0.31

1.85

0.5460

0.74

0.30

1.80

0.5046

 Age >65

1.24

0.44

3.50

0.6847

1.29

0.46

3.60

0.6325

1.24

0.44

3.50

0.6840

Residency (northern Taiwan vs. other areas)

1.02

0.88

1.17

0.8385

1.02

0.89

1.17

0.7706

1.02

0.88

1.17

0.8216

Monthly income (>NT$24000 vs. ≤NT$24000)

0.91

0.78

1.07

0.2731

0.92

0.78

1.08

0.2876

0.92

0.78

1.07

0.2780

Marriage status (married vs. not married)

1.06

0.90

1.25

0.4926

1.06

0.90

1.25

0.4873

1.06

0.90

1.25

0.4979

Education level: (vs. elementary school or lower)

 High school

1.00

0.84

1.19

0.9767

1.00

0.84

1.18

0.9561

1.00

0.84

1.19

0.9714

 College or higher

1.25

0.96

1.62

0.0934

1.25

0.96

1.62

0.0941

1.25

0.96

1.62

0.0957

Presence of comorbidity:

 Heart disease

1.05

0.68

1.63

0.8126

1.06

0.68

1.64

0.7996

1.06

0.68

1.63

0.8113

 Peripheral vascular disease

0.90

0.41

1.99

0.7972

0.89

0.41

1.96

0.7779

0.90

0.41

1.99

0.8027

 Major neurological disorder

0.94

0.62

1.43

0.7683

0.94

0.62

1.44

0.7776

0.94

0.62

1.44

0.7778

 Connective tissue disease

0.86

0.47

1.57

0.6234

0.85

0.47

1.56

0.6092

0.86

0.47

1.57

0.6225

 Peptic ulcer disease

1.12

0.78

1.59

0.5491

1.12

0.78

1.60

0.5354

1.12

0.78

1.60

0.5441

 Liver disease

1.56

1.08

2.25

0.0180

1.58

1.09

2.27

0.0153

1.57

1.08

2.26

0.0171

 Diabetes mellitus

1.03

0.67

1.57

0.9106

1.02

0.67

1.57

0.9215

1.02

0.67

1.57

0.9162

 Renal disease

1.09

0.56

2.13

0.8017

1.09

0.56

2.12

0.8001

1.09

0.56

2.12

0.8013

LTRA users (vs. LTRA non-users)

0.31

0.24

0.39

<0.0001

        

cDDD of LTRA (vs. LTRA non-users)

 cDDD ≤112

    

0.40

0.30

0.54

<0.0001

    

 cDDD >112

    

0.22

0.16

0.32

<0.0001

    

cDDD(1y) of LTRA (vs. LTRA non-users)

 cDDD(1y) ≤84

        

0.34

0.25

0.45

<0.0001

 cDDD(1y) >84

        

0.28

0.20

0.39

<0.0001

  1. The follow-up time was calculated from a year after the index date to either development of cancer, death or the end of 2011, whichever came first. The cumulative defined daily doses of LTRA were calculated from the index date to the end of follow-up (cDDD) and to a year after the index date [cDDD(1y)].
  2. Using LTRA non-users as reference, the adjusted HRs of LTRA use (model 1), lower and higher cDDD (model 2) and lower and higher cDDD(1y) were calculated by the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses adjusted for age, residency, income level, marriage status, education level and the presence of various comorbidities.
  3. Abbreviations: HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval.
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