Figure 2

The effects of VNS on brain mitochondrial function in obese-insulin resistant rats, including brain mitochondrial ROS production (A), brain mitochondrial membrane potential changes (B) and brain mitochondrial swelling (C). Representative images demonstrate the morphology of brain mitochondria using transmission electron microscopy at the original magnification of 25,000x (D) Sham: sham-operated HFD-fed rats; VNS: VNS-treated HFD-fed rats (N = 8 of each group) *p < 0.05 in comparison with the sham group.