Figure 1: Flow diagram of establishing the study cohorts and cross-sectional samples followed by matching on clinical characteristics and propensity scores for patients under hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) to estimate quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) and lifetime costs.

Abbreviation: ESRD: end-stage renal disease; QALE: quality-adjusted life expectancy; QALY: quality-adjusted life year.