Figure 2: Effects of chronic exposure to Fipronil on drone fertility.
From: Drone exposure to the systemic insecticide Fipronil indirectly impairs queen reproductive potential
The day after collection, the semen samples were analyzed to assess the effects of Fipronil exposure on drone fertility. (A) Total spermatozoa (spz) concentration in semen, including live and dead spermatozoa. (B) Mortality rate of spz expressed as a percentage (%). (C) Reducing potential of semen in absorbance units (AU λ = 570 nm), corresponding to the rate of reduced resazurin per million spz. (D) Rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in spz, expressed as the luminescence intensity (LI) per million spz. For each parameter, the data correspond to the values obtained in experiments conducted between 2012 and 2014. The reducing potential and ATP content assays were only performed during the three first experiments; “n” indicates the number of samples for each treatment and parameter. Statistical analyses were performed using a generalized linear mixed model with a random effect on the different experiments.
