Figure 4: Relationships among drone semen characteristics and spermathecal content.
From: Drone exposure to the systemic insecticide Fipronil indirectly impairs queen reproductive potential
For all of the instrumentally inseminated queens (IIQ) (n = 58), the quantity and mortality of injected spermatozoa (spz) were compared with those of spz stored in the spermatheca. Arrows correspond to the effect of one factor on another. The number of spz received by the queen was calculated based on the concentration and volume of injected spz (8 μL). Statistical analyses were performed using a generalized linear mixed model with a random effect on the hive from which the sperm capillaries originated. linear mixed model with a random effect on the different experiments.
