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Figure 1

From: Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote osteogenesis and osseointegration of porous titanium implants in bone defect repair through a Wnt/β-catenin signaling-associated mechanism

Figure 1

Characterization of pTi samples, PEMF system setups and in vivo experiment protocol.

(A) Gross view and μCT scanning of pTi samples for in vitro and in vivo experiments. (B) Microstructural observation of pTi implants via SEM scanning. (C) Surgical photograph showing the cylindrical bone defect with 6.0 mm diameter and 8.0 mm length created in the femoral lateral condyle. A pTi implant was then transplanted into the bone defect sites and the accuracy of the defect location was further confirmed via X-ray scanning. (D) Schematic representation of the PEMF generator together with a Helmholtz coil assembly with three-coil array. The PEMF output waveform consisted of a pulsed burst (burst width, 5 ms; pulse width, 0.2 ms; pulse wait, 0.02 ms; burst wait, 60 ms; pulse rise, 0.3 μs; pulse fall, 2.0 μs) repeated at 15 Hz. The peak magnetic field within the Helmholtz coils was approximately 2.0 mT. (E) The experimental protocols for the present in vivo investigation.

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