Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote osteogenesis and osseointegration of porous titanium implants in bone defect repair through a Wnt/β-catenin signaling-associated mechanism

Figure 2

Effects of PEMF exposure on in vitro cellular attachment, proliferation and morphology for osteoblasts seeded in pTi.

(A) Comparisons of in vitro osteoblast attachment between the Control and PEMF exposure groups via DAPI staining (n = 15). (B) Representative in vitro FITC cytoskeleton staining images of osteoblasts in the Control and PEMF exposure groups. Scale bar represents 50 μm for all images. (C) Comparisons of in vitro osteoblast proliferation between the Control and PEMF groups via MTT assays (n = 9). MTT was added into in vitro MC3T3-E1 cells to form the formazan and DMSO was then added to dissolve the formazan. The optical density (OD) values of the mixture were determined at 490 nm with the multimode microplate reader. (D) Representative SEM scanning for in vitro osteoblasts in the Control and PEMF groups. Scale bar represents 10 μm for all images. Values are all expressed as mean ± S.D. *Significant difference from the Control group with P < 0.05.

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