Figure 1: Both ferulic acid and F. oxysporum inhibit the growth of R. glutinosa seedlings.

The shoot length (A) and fresh weight (B) of R. glutinosa seedlings at the 6-leaf stage were measured in response to treatment with nutrient solution (control), ferulic acid (FA), F. oxysporum (FO), or F. oxysporum pre-treated with ferulic acid (FA+FO). The data are presented as the mean of three independent replicates, with n = 6 plants per replicate. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Different letters indicate significant differences between groups according to one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc LSD test (P < 0.05).